The Association Between Preoperative HbA1c Levels and Postoperative Acute Kidney Injury in Isolated Coronary Artery Bypass Surgery

Renal complications are frequently encountered in cardiac surgery and constitute significant causes of morbidity and mortality. They most commonly present in the form of acute kidney injury (AKI). The etiological factors of AKI include hemodynamic alterations, hemolysis and pigment nephropathy, inflammatory response and cytokine storm, ischemia-reperfusion injury, use of nephrotoxic agents, patient-related risk factors (advanced age, diabetes mellitus, preoperative renal insufficiency, congestive heart failure, hypertension, anemia), duration of surgery, and postoperative complications such as low cardiac output syndrome, sepsis, bleeding and reoperation, hypoalbuminemia, and fluid imbalance. Previous studies have demonstrated several mechanisms through which elevated HbA1c levels may contribute to acute renal injury, including glomerular damage and hyperfiltration, endothelial dysfunction and microvascular injury, tubular damage, accumulation of glycation products and advanced glycation end products (AGEs), structural changes in blood vessels, and metabolic and systemic factors. The evaluation of acute renal failure relies on fundamental scoring systems, biomarkers, and imaging modalities. Among the scoring systems, the most current and widely used is the KDIGO (Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes) classification. According to the KDIGO definition, the diagnosis of AKI can be established when at least one of the following three criteria is met: an increase in serum c…

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